Religion as a Counter-Hegemonic Strategy: A Study of KH. Hasyim Asy’ari from Billings’ Perspective
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30829/juspi.v10i1.30505Keywords:
KH. Hasyim Asy'ari, Dwight B. Billings, Jihad fatwa.Abstract
This study aims to analyze the conditions that enabled KH. Hasyim Asy’ari’s religiosity to become a strategy of resistance against colonial domination, rather than merely an expression of religious nationalism or a historical event in the struggle for independence. This study also extends the application of Dwight B. Billings’ “Religion as Opposition” framework to the context of anti-colonial Islam in Indonesia. The results indicate that KH. Hasyim Asy’ari’s success in transforming religion into an instrument of resistance was determined by the fulfillment of three structural prerequisites. First, the position of the kiai as an “Organic Intellectual” who maintained an emotional bond with the santri and peasant classes. Second, the organizational autonomy of the Tebuireng Pesantren and Nahdatul Ulama, achieved through economic self-reliance and the rejection of colonial subsidies, thereby creating a space free from colonial cultural hegemony. Third, the construction of a “Plausibility Structure” through the Jihad Resolution fatwa, which established theology as the basis for the obligation to wage war (fardhu ‘ain). In conclusion, KH. Hasyim Asy’ari’s movement was a manifestation of a well-developed positional warfare strategy, proving that religion can metamorphose into an effective counter-hegemonic ideology when supported by leadership that mobilizes the community, institutional autonomy, and a new plausibility structure.References
Achmad Mukafi Niam (ed.). (2021). Fragmen-Fragmen Muktamar NU dari Era Kolonial hingga Milenial.
Ahmad, J. (2022). Analisis Keberhasilan Resolusi Jihad Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) Dalam Perjuangan Kemerdekaan Republik Indonesia. Ishlah : Jurnal Ilmu Ushuluddin, Adab Dan Dakwah, 4(1), 93–110. https://doi.org/10.32939/ISHLAH.V4I1.176
Alim Oelama Menentoekan Hoekoem Perdjoangan. (1945, November 20). Kedaulatan Rakjat.
Amiq, A. (1970). Two Fatwas on Jihad Against the Dutch Colonization in Indonesia A Prosopographical Approach to the Study of Fatwa. Studia Islamika, 5(3). https://doi.org/10.15408/SDI.V5I3.740)
Baso, A., Sunyoto, K. Ng. H. A., & Mummaziq, R. (2019). KH. Hasyim Asy’ari; Pengabdian Seorang Kyai Untuk Negeri. Museum Kebangkitan Nasional.
Billings, D. B. (1990). Religion as Opposition: A Gramscian Analysis. American Journal of Sociology, 96(1), 1–31. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2780691
Bruinessen, M. van. (1994). NU; Tradisi, Relasi-Relasi Kuasa, Pencarian Wacana Baru. Lkis.
Bruinessen, M. van. (1995). Kitab kuning, pesantren, dan tarekat. Mizan.
Dwijayanto, A., & Ulya Afif, Y. (2020). A Religious State (A Study of Hasyim Asyari and Muhammad Iqbal’s Thought on the Relation of Religion, State and Nationalism). Juspi (Jurnal Sejarah Peradaban Islam), 3(2), 226–235. https://doi.org/10.30829/juspi.v3i2.6778
Fadli, M. R., & Miftahuddin, M. (2019). Dari Pesantren Untuk Negeri: Kiprah Kebangsaan KH. Hasyim Asy’ari. Jurnal Islam Nusantara, 3(2), 307–338. https://doi.org/10.33852/jurnalin.V3I2.138
Fahrizal, A. (2023). KH. Hasyim Asy’ari, Perjuangan dan Resolusi Jihad . Tebuireng Online. https://tebuireng.online/kh-hasyim-asyari-perjuangan-dan-resolusi-jihad/
Faizah, R., & Baedowi, A. (2024). The role of Nahdlatul Ulama for Indonesia: Nahdlatul Ulama Jihad Resolution as an Effort to Preserve the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia and Religious Moderation. Tarbawi: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.34001/TARBAWI.V20I1.5087
Fakturmen, F., & Arif, M. Z. (2020). Pengaruh KH. Hasyim Asy’ari dalam Membangun Serta Menjaga Nusantara dan Kemaslahatan Islam Dunia. Jurnal Indo-Islamika, 10(1), 35–50. https://doi.org/10.15408/idi.v10i1.17510
Gottschalk, L. (1985). Mengerti Sejarah (N. Notosusanto, trans.). Jakarta: UI Press.
Hajar, I. I. (2019). Sikap Non-Kooperatif dan Kooperatif KH Hasyim Asy’ari terhadap Penjajah Belanda dan Jepang (1905-1947). UIN Sunan Kalijaga.
Herlina, N. (2020). Metode Sejarah. Satya Historika.
Juma’, J. (2022). Fatwa Jihad dan Resolusi Jihad: Historisitas Jihad dan Nasionalisme di Indonesia. Aqlam: Journal of Islam and Plurality, 7(2). https://doi.org/10.30984/AJIP.V7I2.2187
Kartodirdjo, Sartono., Sudewa, A., & Hatmosuprobo, Suhardjo. (1987). Perkembangan Peradaban Priyayi. Gadjah Mada University Press.
Kuntowijoyo. (2018). Pengantar Ilmu Sejarah . Tiara Wacana.
Lailatus Sa’adah, P., Kautsar, M., Syah, T., Nurcahya, Y., Samsudin, S., Sudana, D. (2024). Nahdlatul Ulama in Defending Indonesian Independence: The Battle of November 10, 1945. Studi Multidisipliner: Jurnal Kajian Keislaman, 11(2), 285–298. https://doi.org/10.24952/multidisipliner.v11i2.13460
Miftahuddin, & Widiyanta, D. (2023). Jihād fī Sabīlillāh Ulama dalam Mempertahankan Kemerdekaan Indonesia: dari Surabaya ke Yogyakarta. Thaqafiyyat : Jurnal Bahasa, Peradaban Dan Informasi Islam, 29–47. https://doi.org/10.14421/THAQ.2022.21103
Misrawi, Z. (2010). Hadratussyaikh Hasyim Asy’ari Moderasi, Keutamaan, dan Kebangsaan. In PT Kompas Media Nusantara. Kompas.
Muhlisin, F., & Huda, K. (2022). Peran Kepemimpinan K.H. Hasyim Asy’ari dalam Resolusi Jihad. Jurnal PAI: Jurnal Kajian Pendidikan Agama Islam, 1(2), 113–125. https://doi.org/10.33507/PAI.V1I2.431
Olsaretti, A. (2014). Beyond class: The many facets of Gramsci’s theory of intellectuals. Journal of Classical Sociology, 14(4), 363–381. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468795X13495125;page:string:article/chapter
Pranoto, S. W. (2010). Sejarah Teori dan Metodelogi. Graha Ilmu.
Rifai, Muhamad. (2009). K.H. Hasyim Asy’ari : biografi singkat, 1871-1947. Ar-Ruzz Media.
Royani, A. (2018). Pesantren dalam bingkai sejarah perjuangan kemerdekaan indonesia. Jurnal Islam Nusantara, 2(1), 121–128. https://doi.org/10.33852/jurnalin.V2I1.75
Schwarzmantel, John. (2015). Routledge Guidebook to Gramsci’s Prison Notebooks. Taylor and Francis.
Simon, Roger. (2024). Gagasan-gagasan politik Gramsci. INSIST dan Pustaka Pelajar.
Suneni, S. (2015). Kritik Terhadap Tarekat : Kajian terhadap Pemikiran Sayyid Usman bin Yahya. Pascasarjana UIN Syarif Hidayatullah.
Sutherland, Heather. (1979). The making of a bureaucratic elite : the colonial transformation of the Javanese Priyayi. The Asian Studies Association of Australia by Heinemann Educational Books (Asia).
Syahriyah, E., & Mawardi, K. (2025). Hari Santri Nasional: Kajian Sosio-Historis atas Peran Santri dalam Perjuangan dan Perkembangan Bangsa. Qalam: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam. https://jurnal.insima.ac.id/index.php/qalam/article/download/20/63
Syamsuri, S. (2020). Fikih kebangsaan Hadrat Al-Shaikh Kh. Muhammad Hasyim Asy’ari: studi tentang aktivasi Maqasid al-Shariah dalam Pemikiran dan Fatwa. Pascasarjana UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya.
Shihab, M. A. (1971). Al-’Allāmah Muhammad Hāsyim Asy’ari Wādhih Libnati Istiqlāli Indonesia Asy’ari. Dar as-Shadiq.
Wasino, & Hartatik, E. S. (2024). Metode Penelitian Sejarah. Magnum Pustaka.
Yusuf, M. (2022). Pemikiran Dan Sikap Sayyid Usman Bin Yahya Mengenai Pemberontakan Banten 1888 Dalam Kitab Minhaj Al-Istiqomah Fi Al-Din Bi Al-Salamah. UIN Syekh Nurjati Cirebon
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright Statement
1. Author(s)'s Warranties
The author warrants that the article is original, written by the stated author(s), has not been published before, contains no unlawful statements, does not infringe the rights of others, is subject to copyright that is vested exclusively in the author, and free of any third-party rights, and that any necessary written permissions to quote from other sources have been obtained by the author(s).
2. Right of Authors
JUSPI allows the author(s) to hold the copyright. Authors retain all their rights to the published works, such as (but not limited to) the following rights:
- Reproduce the work.
- Prepare derivative works based on the work.
- Distribute copies of the work.
- Perform the work publicly.
- Display the work publicly.
- Copyright and other proprietary rights relating to the article, such as patent rights.
- The right to self-archive the article (please read our Repository Policy).
- The right to enter separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the article's published version (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal (JUSPI).
3. Co-Authorship
If the article was jointly prepared by other authors, any author submitting the manuscript warrants that he/she has been authorized by all co-authors to be agreed on this copyright and license notice (agreement) on their behalf and agrees to inform his/her co-authors of the terms of this policy. JUSPI will not be held liable for anything that may arise due to the author(s) internal dispute. JUSPI will only communicate with the corresponding author.
4. Royalties
This agreement entitles the author to no royalties or other fees. To such extent as legally permissible, the author waives his or her right to collect royalties relative to the article in respect of any use of the article by JUSPI.
5. User/Public Right
JUSPI's spirit is to disseminate articles published as free as possible. Under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, JUSPI permits users to share, copy, redistribute, display, and perform the material in any medium or format. Adapt, remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially. Users will also need to attribute authors and JUSPI to distributing works in the journal and other media of publication.
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
