Performance Comparison of WSN Topologies in IoT-Based Water Quality Monitoring Systems

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.30829/zero.v9i2.25706

Keywords:

Internet of Things (IoT), Network Topology, Quality of Service (QoS) Water Quality Monitoring, Wireless Sensor Network (WSN).

Abstract

This study, we quantify how WSN topology shapes QoS for IoT water-quality monitoring and derive deployment rules. Five topologies (Hybrid Star-Mesh, Cluster Tree, Full Mesh, Ring, ZigBee Star; 20 nodes) were simulated in NS-3 for 10 independent runs with random seeds. Our mathematical contribution is a compact QoS model set-latency LLL, packet-loss PlossP_{\text{loss}} Ploss, bandwidth usage UBU_BUB, and throughput TTT-used to compare topologies and compute relative/absolute improvements. Statistics report mean±SD with 95% confidence intervals from Student's t-distribution; pairwise Mann-Whitney tests with Benjamini-Hochberg FDR control (α=0.05) yield compact-letter displays; Cliff's δ quantifies effect sizes. Results: Hybrid Star-Mesh minimizes latency/loss while maximizing throughput; Ring is consistently inferior; Cluster Tree and ZigBee Star are mid-range; Full Mesh trades redundancy for delay and bandwidth. These models produce actionable guidance for aquaculture (real-time dissolved-oxygen) and urban drinking-water safety, and motivate multi-objective optimization (latency-throughput-energy) toward Pareto-optimal designs.

References

S. Khan, "Global status and future prospects of water pollution: A critical review," Sci. Total Environ., vol. 846, p. 157447, doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157447.

H. Alsukayti, M. F. Abdel-Hafez, and M. A. Alnuem, "QoS-Aware RPL for IoT Networks: Stability and Performance Analysis," J. Comput. Sci. Technol., vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 425-439,.

S. Gaddour, A. Koubâa, N. Baccour, and M. Abid, "OF-FL: QoS-Aware Fuzzy Logic Objective Function for the RPL Routing Protocol," in Proc. Int. Symp. Modeling and Optimization in Mobile, Ad Hoc, and Wireless Networks (WiOpt), Hammamet, Tunisia, pp. 365-372.

F. A. Alenezi, "IoT and WSN-Based Water Quality Monitoring: State-of-the-Art and Future Directions," Sensors, vol. 21, no. 24, p. 8383, doi: 10.3390/s21248383.

M. Younis, "Topology management techniques for tolerating node failures: A survey," Comput. Networks, vol. 185, p. 107614, doi: 10.1016/j.comnet.2020.107614.

T. Kaur and D. Kumar, "A survey on QoS mechanisms in WSN for computational intelligence based routing protocols," Wirel. Networks, 2019, doi: 10.1007/s11276-019-01978-9.

S. A. Al-Sultan, S. Al-Doori, and M. A. Al-Rizzo, "Performance Evaluation of CBWFQ and LLQ Mechanisms for Multimedia QoS in IoT Networks," J. Electr. Syst., vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 134-147,.

F. A. Aderohunmu, A. Sanka, and R. Abdullah, "QoS-Driven Data Dissemination Framework for Internet of Things in Smart Environments," Concurr. Comput. Pract. Exp., vol. 35, no. 7, p. 7535.

Y. Cheng, "QoS-aware WSN routing optimization: Review and trends," Sensors, vol. 23, no. 3, p. 1557, doi: 10.3390/s23031557.

H. Z. Ali, "A survey on water quality monitoring techniques using WSN and IoT," Sensors, vol. 20, no. 21, p. 6145, doi: 10.3390/s20216145.

R. Ullah, "Water quality monitoring using IoT and WSNs: Recent challenges," IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 132256-132278,.

A. Khelifi, "Energy-efficient and reliable routing in WSNs for water monitoring applications," Ad Hoc Networks, vol. 100, p. 102083, doi: 10.1016/j.adhoc.2020.102083.

M. H. Jawhar, H. M. Shukur, H. T. Abbas, and A. A. Mohammed, "Energy-Efficient and Reliable Data Transmission in Multi-Sink Wireless Sensor Networks," Sensors, vol. 24, no. 5, pp. 1-20,.

A. Yadav, P. Kumar, and R. Tripathi, "Delay and Reliability Analysis of WSNs Using NS-3 Simulation," Procedia Comput. Sci., vol. 218, pp. 243-250,.

C. A. Kerrache, F. Karray, and M. Frikha, "Cross-Layer QoS Optimization in Wireless Sensor Networks: An Analytical Approach," Comput. Commun., vol. 190, pp. 68-79,.

H. Chen, J. Wu, and X. Li, "QoS-Constrained Resource Allocation in 6LoWPAN Networks," IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput., vol. 21, no. 6, pp. 2187-2200,.

M. Ali, S. A. Hussain, and K. M. Malik, "Energy and QoS-Aware Adaptive Routing for WSNs," IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 98576-98589,.

P. K. Sharma, S. Rathore, and J. H. Park, "An Efficient Routing Protocol for IoT-Enabled Wireless Sensor Networks," IEEE Syst. J., vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 4601-4611,.

M. K. Jha and V. Sharma, "QoS-Aware Multi-Constraint Routing for IoT-Based Smart Environments," IEEE Trans. Netw. Serv. Manag., vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 1505-1518,.

H. L. Dinh, "Cross-layer design for efficient data delivery in clustered WSNs," Futur. Gener. Comput. Syst., vol. 146, pp. 132-144,, doi: 10.1016/j.future.2023.03.012.

J. Wang, "An energy-efficient and QoS-aware routing protocol for wireless sensor networks," Futur. Gener. Comput. Syst., vol. 91, pp. 479-489,, doi: 10.1016/j.future.2018.09.044.

H. M. Afzal, "A review of energy-efficient protocols in WSNs," Sustain. Comput. Informatics Syst., vol. 28, p. 100445.

A. Munir and A. Gordon-Ross, "Multichannel communication for high-throughput WSNs," IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput, vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 1234-1246,.

M. A. Arafat, "Comparative study of topology-aware WSN protocols," Sensors, vol. 22, no. 15, p. 5723.

S. Goel and R. Bansal, "WSN-based water pollution detection system using IoT," Mater. Today Proc., vol. 56, pp. 3573-3578,.

T. C. Aseri and D. Patel, "QoS-aware routing in clustered WSNs for water pollution monitoring," Comput. Electr. Eng, vol. 88, p. 106844.

R. H. Jhaveri, "Enhanced AODV protocol for QoS and energy-aware WSNs," Ad Hoc Netw, vol. 85, pp. 1-20,.

J. Wang, "An energy-efficient and QoS-aware routing protocol in WSNs," Futur. Gener. Comput. Syst, vol. 91, pp. 479-489,.

Z. Rehman, "QoS optimization using metaheuristics in IoT-based WSNs," J. Netw. Comput. Appl, vol. 165, p. 102691.

M. Yigit and N. Yigit, "Real-time pH monitoring using wireless sensor nodes," Sensors, vol. 22, no. 2, p. 543.

I. Alsahafi, "Optimizing QoS in wireless sensor networks," IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 155372-155391,.

J. H. Cui, "Towards reliable and real-time data collection in wireless sensor networks," IEEE Commun. Mag, vol. 57, no. 9, pp. 68-74,.

F. H. Jasim and H. T. Alrikabi, "Wireless Sensor Network Performance Analysis Based on NS-3," J. Eng. Sci. Technol. Rev., vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 93-100,.

A. A. Amengu, J. Abdulai, F. A. Katsriku, and K. S. Adu-manu, "SMAC-Based WSN Protocol-Current State of the Art , Challenges , and Future Directions," vol. 2022, 2022.

S. I. Hamim and A. Bin Ab Rahman, "Optimizing Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey of Clustering Strategies and Algorithms," Int. J. Comput. Networks Appl., vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 673-689, 2024, doi: 10.22247/ijcna/2024/42.

G. Wiranto, D. Kurniawan, Y. Maulana, I. D. P. Hermida, and D. Oktaviandi, "Design and Implementation of Wireless Sensors and Android-Based Applications for Highly Efficient Aquaculture Management Systems," Emit. Int. J. Eng. Technol, doi: 10.24003/emitter.v8i2.520.

Y. T. Chou, T. S. Liao, and C. S. Shieh, "Queue Management for Latency-Aware WSN Applications," IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 123456-123469,.

L. A. K. Bakar and M. Ismail, "Evaluation of CoDel and RED Queue Management for IoT Traffic in NS-3," Indones. J. Electr. Eng. Comput. Sci., vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 312-320,.

I. S. Alsukayti and M. Alreshoodi, "RPL-Based IoT Networks under Simple and Complex Routing Security Attacks: An Experimental Study," Appl. Sci., vol. 13, no. 8, 2023, doi: 10.3390/app13084878.

K. A. Darabkh, M. Al-Akhras, J. N. Zomot, and M. Atiquzzaman, "{RPL} routing protocol over {IoT}: A comprehensive survey, recent advances, insights, bibliometric analysis, recommendations, and future directions," J. Netw. Comput. Appl., vol. 207, no. 103476, p. 103476, Nov. 2022.

M. Faheem and V. C. Gungor, "Energy efficient and QoS-aware routing protocol for wireless sensor network-based smart grid applications in the context of industry 4.0," Appl. Soft Comput. J., 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.asoc.2017.07.045.

H. Fei et al., "A novel energy efficient QoS secure routing algorithm for WSNs," Sci. Rep., vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 1-25, 2024, doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-77686-y.

M. E. Haque, M. Asikuzzaman, I. U. Khan, I. H. Ra, M. S. Hossain, and S. B. Hussain Shah, "Comparative study of IoT-based topology maintenance protocol in awireless sensor network for structural health monitoring," Remote Sens., vol. 12, no. 15, 2020, doi: 10.3390/RS12152358.

J. Zhang, L. Wang, and Q. Yang, "Latency and Reliability Trade-offs in Time-Sensitive WSNs: A Mathematical Approach," IEEE Internet Things J., vol. 9, no. 15, pp. 13022-13035,.

G. Aceto, V. Persico, and A. Pescapé, "The Role of Simulation in Evaluating IoT Protocols: A Review of NS-3 Applications," Simul. Model. Pract. Theory, vol. 126, p. 102642.

A. S. Alghamdi, "A lightweight and energy-efficient QoS-aware routing protocol for WSNs," IEEE Access, vol. 11, pp. 8453-8468,, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3245678.

Downloads

Published

2025-10-10

Issue

Vol. 9 No. 2 (2025): Zero: Jurnal Sains Matematika dan Terapan

Section

Articles

License

Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:

  1. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
  2. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
  3. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).